A comprehensive history of economic thought in the United States from 1790 to 1860
 
“Calvo’s work provides an impressive, close analysis and erudite argument about American political economy before the Civil War.”—American Nineteenth Century History  
 
“This book provides a necessary corrective to the previous scholarship on early America’s economic thought. It will be read with great profit by those interested in both economic history and the history of antebellum America. . . . Highly recommended.”—Choice  
 
“Calvo has performed a great service, and one must be impressed by his mastery of a massive body of writings.”—EH.Net  
 
“Calvo’s work is engaging and thoroughly readable, providing a fantastic addition to the discourse on American political economy and its intellectual components.”—H-Net
 
“An excellent and wide-ranging discussion of early nineteenth-century political economy in America, showing it to have been the by-product of dialogue with European luminaries and particular American material and intellectual needs.”—Brian Schoen, coeditor of Between Sovereignty and Anarchy: The Politics of Violence in the American Revolutionary Era  
 
Due to the enormous influence of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations on Western liberal economics, a tradition closely linked to the United States, many scholars assume that early American economists were committed to Smith’s ideas of free trade and small government. Debunking this belief, Christopher W. Calvo provides a comprehensive history of the nation’s economic thought from 1790 to 1860, tracing the development of a uniquely American understanding of capitalism.            
 
The Emergence of Capitalism in Early America shows how American economists challenged, adjusted, and adopted the ideas of European thinkers such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus to suit their particular interests. Calvo not only explains the divisions between American free trade and the version put forward by Smith, but he also discusses the sharp differences between northern and southern liberal economists. Emergent capitalism fostered a dynamic discourse in early America, including a homegrown version of socialism burgeoning in antebellum industrial quarters, as well as a reactionary brand of conservative economic thought circulating on slave plantations across the Old South. This volume also traces the origins and rise of nineteenth-century protectionism, a system that Calvo views as the most authentic expression of American political economy. Finally, Calvo examines early Americans’ awkward relationship with capitalism’s most complex institution—finance.   
 
Grounded in the economic debates, Atlantic conversations, political milieu, and material realities of the antebellum era, this book demonstrates that American thinkers fused different economic models, assumptions, and interests into a unique hybrid-capitalist system that shaped the trajectory of the nation’s economy.  
 
Christopher W. Calvo teaches American history at Florida International University and Gulliver Preparatory in Miami, Florida. 

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